Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba SARS-CoV-2 yanduzwa ahanini n'ibitonyanga cyangwa imirasire y'amazi cyaranzweho impaka nyinshi. Twashatse gusobanura iyi mpaka binyuze mu isesengura ry'amateka ry'ubushakashatsi ku ndwara zandura mu zindi ndwara. Mu mateka menshi ya muntu, igitekerezo cyari gikuru ni uko indwara nyinshi zatwarwaga n'ikirere, akenshi mu ntera ndende no mu buryo bw'impimbano. Iyi gahunda y'impimbano yashidikanyijwe hagati mu kinyejana cya 19 ubwo inyigisho y'udukoko yazamukaga, kandi nk'uko indwara nka kolera, umuriro w'umubyeyi, na malariya byagaragaye ko byandura mu bundi buryo. Abitewe n'ibitekerezo bye ku kamaro ko kwandura indwara ziterwa n'imitsi, ndetse n'ubudahangarwa yahuye nabwo n'ingaruka zasigaye z'inyigisho ya miasma, umukozi ukomeye mu by'ubuzima Charles Chapin mu 1910 yafashije gutangiza impinduka nziza mu miterere y'ibintu, abona ko kwandura mu kirere bidashoboka. Iyi gahunda nshya yabaye iy'ingenzi. Ariko, kudasobanukirwa neza imirasire y'amazi byatumye habaho amakosa mu gusobanura ibimenyetso by'ubushakashatsi ku nzira zo kwanduzanya. Mu myaka mirongo itanu yakurikiyeho, kwandura indwara mu kirere byafatwaga nk'ibidafite akamaro cyane cyangwa bito ku ndwara zose zikomeye z'ubuhumekero, kugeza igihe hagaragaye ko indwara y'igituntu yandurira mu kirere (yari yibeshye ko yandurira mu bitonyanga) mu 1962. Uburyo bwo gupima no gupima indwara bwakomeje kuba bwinshi, kandi indwara nke gusa ni zo zemerwaga cyane ko zandurira mu kirere mbere ya COVID-19: izo zanduriraga abantu batari mu cyumba kimwe. Kwihutisha ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku bumenyi butandukanye bwatewe n'icyorezo cya COVID-19 byagaragaje ko kwandura indwara mu kirere ari bwo buryo bukomeye bwo kwanduriramo iyi ndwara, kandi birashoboka ko ari ingenzi ku ndwara nyinshi zandura mu myanya y'ubuhumekero.
Ingaruka zifatika
Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, habayeho kurwanya ko indwara zandura mu kirere, ibyo bikaba byarangizaga cyane mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19. Impamvu y'ingenzi y'ubu buryo bwo kurwanya indwara iri mu mateka y'ubumenyi bwa siyansi ku bijyanye n'ikwirakwira ry'indwara: Kwandura mu kirere byafatwaga nk'ikintu gikomeye mu mateka ya muntu menshi, ariko pendulum yarenze urugero mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, nta ndwara ikomeye yafatwaga nk'iy'ikirere. Dusobanuye neza aya mateka n'amakosa ashingiye kuri yo agihari, twizeye ko tuzatuma iterambere muri uru rwego rirushaho kuba ryiza mu gihe kizaza.
Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyateje impaka zikomeye ku buryo virusi ya SARS-CoV-2 yandura, ahanini hifashishijwe uburyo butatu: Ubwa mbere, ingaruka z'ibitonyanga bya "sprayborne" ku maso, mu mazuru, cyangwa mu kanwa, bitabaye ibyo bigwa hasi hafi y'uwanduye. Icya kabiri, gukoraho, byaba mu gukoraho umuntu wanduye, cyangwa mu buryo butaziguye mu gukoraho ahantu handuye ("fomite") hagakurikiraho kwikingiza mu gukoraho imbere mu maso, mu mazuru, cyangwa mu kanwa. Icya gatatu, iyo umuntu ahumeka aerosol, zimwe muri zo zishobora kuguma mu kirere amasaha menshi (“transmission igenda mu kirere”).1,2
Imiryango iharanira ubuzima rusange irimo n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) yatangiye ivuga ko iyi virusi yandurira mu bitonyanga binini byagwaga hasi hafi y'uwanduye, ndetse no gukora ku bintu byanduye. Ku ya 28 Werurwe 2020, OMS yatangaje ikomeje ko SARS-CoV-2 itari mu kirere (keretse mu gihe hari "uburyo bwo kuvura butanga aerosol" bwihariye) kandi ko ari "amakuru atari yo" kuvuga ibinyuranye n'ibyo.3Iyi nama yanyuranyije n'iyatanzwe n'abahanga benshi mu bya siyansi bavuze ko kohereza amakuru mu kirere bishobora kuba ingenzi cyane. Urugero: Ref.4-9Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, OMS yagiye yoroshya iki gitekerezo: icya mbere, yemera ko kwanduzanya mu kirere bishoboka ariko bidashoboka;10hanyuma, nta bisobanuro, guteza imbere uruhare rw'umwuka mu Gushyingo 2020 mu kugenzura ikwirakwira rya virusi (ibi bikaba ingirakamaro gusa mu kugenzura indwara ziterwa n'ikirere);11hanyuma atangaza ku ya 30 Mata 2021, ko kohereza SARS-CoV-2 binyuze mu mwuka ari ingenzi (mu gihe hatakoreshejwe ijambo "ikirere").12Nubwo umukozi wo mu rwego rwo hejuru muri OMS yemeye mu kiganiro n'abanyamakuru icyo gihe ko "impamvu turimo guteza imbere uburyo bwo guhumeka ari uko iyi virusi ishobora kuba mu kirere," banavuze ko birinze gukoresha ijambo "ikirere gitemberamo."13Amaherezo mu Ukuboza 2021, OMS yavuguruye urupapuro rumwe ku rubuga rwayo kugira ngo igaragaze neza ko kohereza indwara mu kirere mu gihe gito n'igihe kirekire ari ingenzi, ndetse inagaragaza neza ko "kohereza indwara mu kirere" na "kohereza indwara mu kirere" ari ibintu bisa.14Ariko, uretse urwo rubuga rwa interineti, ibisobanuro by’iyi virusi nk’ “ikwirakwizwa mu kirere” bikomeje kugaragara cyane mu itumanaho rya OMS rya rusange kugeza muri Werurwe 2022.
Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyakurikije inzira isa nayo: icya mbere, kivuga akamaro ko kwandura ibitonyanga; hanyuma, muri Nzeri 2020, cyashyize ku rubuga rwacyo inkuru y’uko kwandura kwandujwe mu kirere byagabanutse nyuma y’iminsi itatu;15hanyuma ku ya 7 Gicurasi 2021, twemera ko guhumeka umwuka ari ingenzi mu kwanduzanya.16Ariko, CDC yakunze gukoresha ijambo "igitonyanga cy'ubuhumekero," muri rusange rifitanye isano n'ibitonyanga binini bigwa hasi vuba,17yerekeza ku byuma bitera umwuka,18guteza urujijo rukomeye.19Nta n'umwe muri iyo miryango wagaragaje impinduka mu biganiro n'abanyamakuru cyangwa mu bukangurambaga bukomeye bw'itumanaho.20Ubwo iyi miryango yombi yatangiraga kwakira abantu bake, ibimenyetso byerekana ko iyi ndwara yandurira mu kirere byari byarakusanyije, kandi abahanga mu bya siyansi n'abaganga benshi bavugaga ko iyi ndwara yandurira mu kirere atari uburyo bwo kuyikwirakwiza gusa, ahubwo ko ari bwoicyiganjeuburyo.21Muri Kanama 2021, CDC yavuze ko kwanduzanya kwa virusi ya SARS-CoV-2 yo mu bwoko bwa delta kwegera kwanduzanya kwa virusi y’inkoko, virusi yanduzanya cyane mu kirere.22Ubwoko bwa omicron bwagaragaye mu mpera za 2021 bwasaga nkaho ari virusi ikwirakwira vuba cyane, igaragaza umubare munini w’imbyaro n’igihe gito gikurikiranye.23
Kwemera buhoro buhoro kandi mu buryo butunguranye ibimenyetso by'uko SARS-CoV-2 yandujwe mu kirere n'imiryango ikomeye y'ubuzima rusange byagize uruhare mu kurwanya icyorezo mu buryo budakwiye, mu gihe inyungu zo kwirinda ikwirakwira ry'imiyoboro y'umwuka zigenda zigaragara neza.24-26Kwemera vuba ibi bimenyetso byari gutuma habaho amabwiriza atandukanye agenga amategeko yo mu nzu no hanze, kwibanda cyane ku bikorwa byo hanze, gutanga inama mbere yo gukoresha udupfukamunwa, gushyira imbaraga mu gushyira udupfukamunwa no kuyungurura udupfukamunwa, ndetse n'amategeko yo kwambara udupfukamunwa mu nzu nubwo byaba byiza gukomeza kwitandukanya n'abandi, guhumeka no kuyungurura udupfukamunwa. Kwemera mbere byari gutuma habaho kwibanda cyane kuri izi ngamba, kandi bigagabanya igihe n'amafaranga bikoreshwa mu gufata ingamba nko kwica udukoko ku buso no ku mpande zombi, ibyo bikaba bidafite akamaro mu kwanduzanya mu kirere, kandi, mu gihe cyabyo, bishobora no kutagira icyo bitanga.29,30
Kuki iyi miryango yari itebutse cyane, kandi kuki hari abantu benshi barwanyije impinduka? Inyandiko yabanje yasuzumye ikibazo cy’imari mu bya siyansi (inyungu zishingiye ku bushobozi bw’abantu) mu buryo bw’imibanire y’abantu.31Kwirinda ikiguzi gifitanye isano n'ingamba zikenewe mu kugenzura ikwirakwira ry'ibintu mu kirere, nko gukoresha ibikoresho byiza byo kwirinda (PPE) ku bakozi bo mu rwego rw'ubuzima32no kunoza uburyo bwo guhumeka33ishobora kuba yaragize uruhare. Abandi basobanuye ko gutinda mu bijyanye no kumva ingaruka ziterwa n'udukoresho two guhumeka twa N9532ariko, byagiye bigibwaho impaka34cyangwa bitewe n'imicungire mibi y'ububiko bwihutirwa bigatuma habaho ibura ry'ibikoresho mu ntangiriro z'icyorezo. Urugero: Ref.35
Ikindi gisobanuro kitatanzwe n’ibyo bitabo, ariko gihuye neza n’ibyo bavumbuye, ni uko kutita ku gitekerezo cyo kwanduzanya indwara mu kirere, kimwe mu byatewe n’ikosa ry’ibitekerezo ryashyizwe mu myaka irenga ijana ishize rigatangira gucengera mu buzima rusange no mu rwego rwo kwirinda indwara: inyigisho ivuga ko kwanduzanya indwara z’ubuhumekero biterwa n’ibitonyanga binini, bityo, imbaraga zo kugabanya ibitonyanga byaba bihagije. Ibi bigo kandi byagaragaje kudashaka guhindura nubwo hari ibimenyetso, bihuye n’inyigisho z’imibereho n’ubumenyi bw’abantu ku buryo abantu bagenzura inzego bashobora kurwanya impinduka, cyane cyane niba zisa n’izibangamiye aho ziherereye; uburyo itsinda ritekereza ku mikorere, cyane cyane iyo abantu birwanaho mu gihe bahanganye n’ibibazo by’abandi; n’uburyo iterambere rya siyansi rishobora kubaho binyuze mu mpinduka z’imitekerereze, nubwo abashyigikiye imitekerereze ya kera banze kwemera ko inyigisho y’ubundi buryo ifite inkunga ihagije ituruka ku bimenyetso bihari.36-38Bityo, kugira ngo twumve uko iri kosa rikomeje, twashatse gusuzuma amateka yaryo, n'ikwirakwira ry'indwara zo mu kirere muri rusange, no kugaragaza inzira z'ingenzi zatumye inyigisho y'ibitonyanga irushaho kuba iy'ingenzi.
Bituruka kuri https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 27 Nzeri 2022